Applying Psychological Thinking To Sports Essays - 1687 Words

quot;Sports is by far one of the fastest growing pass times in the United Statesquot; (Rainer 1987). Even if people dont take it to the professional level, sporting events are happening in our backyards, and at all of our local schools around the country. With the growing popularity and the increasing competitiveness of the sports, it will take more than just a physical advantage to compete at the highest level. This is where the psychology of sports comes into play. In my research I will cover different areas in which you can psychologically strengthen you mental and physical skills to become a more skilled and competitive athlete. Goal setting is a hugely powerful technique that can yield strong returns in all areas of you†¦show more content†¦Many of the pathways, however, lie within the brain. These pathways can be effectively trained by the use of mental techniques such as imagery and simulation. Imagery is the process by which you can create, modify or strengthen pathways important to the co-ordination of your muscles, by training purely within your mind. Imagery rests on the important principle that you can exercise these parts of you brain with imputes from our imagination rather than from your sences: the parts of the brain that you train with imagery experience imagined and real inputs similarly, with the real inputs being merely more vividly experienced (Rainer 1987). Simulation is similar to imagery in that it seeks to improve the quality of training by teaching your brain to cope with circumstances that would not be otherwise met until an important competition was reached. Simulation, however, is carried out by making your physical training circumstances as similar as possible to the quot;real thingquot;-for example by bringing in crowds of spectators, by having performances judged, or by inviting press to a training session (Rainer 1987). Deciding your Commitment to your sport is possibly the most important quot;Sports Psychologyquot; decision you will make. It is important to realize that excellence demands complete dedication: if you want to be the top athlete, then training to be the top athlete must be the most important thing in you life (Orlick 1994).Show MoreRelatedChild Beauty Pageant Is Important Than The Inner Talent1381 Words   |  6 Pagestheir talent. If anyone is not confident or nervous, one can hide it by applying a makeup. Thinking about celebrities, everybody wants to become famous. Many girls want to look like them, so they apply makeup at a very young age to look sexy. As Stephanie Hanes refers in â€Å"Little Girls or Little Women? The Disney Princess Effect†, that â€Å"they start to drop out of sports at the middle school level when they start to believe that sports are unfeminine and unsexy† (484). 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SomethingRead MoreCoaching For Performance, Fourth Edition John Whitmore1202 Words   |  5 Pagesthe basic definition of caching to how and why coaching can be implemented by leaders and its effect on business. At the beginning of the book, in the first section â€Å"The Principles of Coaching†, the author describes the origin of coaching, which is sports, and how it started to become an important part in business. He continues in defining Coaching as unleashing people’s inner potential to have the best outcome or performance. It’s a way of being, not just some techniques that are used rigidly. HeRead MoreEssay On Exercise As Treatment For Depression1435 Words   |  6 Pagesinvolves a group of symptoms or a clinical disorder. Depression leads to a series of feelings of sadness or loss of interest in activities that were once appealing. Other symptoms include loss of appetite, increased fatigue, sleeplessness, difficulty in thinking, concentrating, or making decisions, and suicidal thoughts. Depression can contribute to emotional and physical problems, which decreases an individual’s capability to function normally at work or home. An increased number of people suffer fromRead MorePsychology and Its Importance1295 Words   |  6 Pagessuch as education, events, people and their task, employment, association, relationship as well as the treatment of mental-health problems. Psychology also involves various sub-areas of study related to different subjects like human development, sports education, physical condition, business, media as well as buying behavior. It can also involve natural sciences, social sciences and humanities. 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Major Alterations of Management and Organization Free-Samples

Question: Identify and Explain in detail two pressures on Organisations and Managers in the current Business Environment and how Managers can alleviate these Pressures. Answer: Introduction The business environment is one of the most dynamic factors affecting organizations. In fact, the diverse changes regarding the concept of business greatly contribute to major alterations of management and organization. Advancements in contemporary business society have led to huge advantages for companies. However, these are also accompanied by immense pressures. This essay aims to identify two main pressures that affect organizations in the current business environment. Suggestions on how management can effectively respond to the discussed pressures will also be highlighted. The two points that make up the subject of discussion include; the changing role of business in the society, and the dynamics of organizational structures. Pressures on Organizations and Managers in the Current Business Environment The changing role of business in the society Jones and Felps (2013) discuss the concept of the stakeholder theory. Traditionally, the role of business organizations in the society was to maximize the wealth of its owners. Arguably, this role was considered as a massive contribution to social welfare. The ideology was supported by the fact that the existence of business was good for social welfare through profit maximization of wealth, production of much needed goods and services, and the creation of jobs which translates to supporting livelihoods. However, this is not the case in contemporary society (Jones Felps, 2013). The role of business has changed as the preferences of consumers continue to change. According to Harrison and Wicks (2013), the performance metrics for organizations are no longer confined to economic performance. Businesses are now tasked with creating so much more value for their stakeholders. One of the main demands that go beyond economic performance is corporate social responsibility (CSR). Goel and Ramanathan (2014) define CSR as an integral part of organizational ethics and operations. CSR now governs both organizational strategies and brand images in the eyes of the consumers. Consequently, management is pressured towards satisfying the rising demands for social responsibility in all business operation. Wakefield (2016) brings into focus some of the most recent social responsibility concerns plaguing some of the largest manufacturing companies. Sony, Apple and Samsung face charges of child labor claims in addition to unfavorable working conditions for their workers (Wakefield, 2016). These among claims of environment degradation through pollution because of improper waste management put pressure on contemporary businesses. In essence, contrary to the traditional stakeholder theory, the main role of business organizations is to protect the environment they work in. co rporate social responsibility has become a viable performance metric. Consequently, organizational management has to devise ways to cope with the changed. The first of which is to alter the process and concept of strategy development. Considering that consumers now measure success by weighing a companys impact on the environment, companies have to make their strategies green-oriented. Such strategies involve minimizing the companys carbon footprint, protecting the rights of their employees and exercising consumer advocacy. Customer advocacy is a business approach that does what is best for the consumer. It works on the assumption that satisfied customers translate to higher repeat sales and improved brand within the society. The utilization of customer advocacy is a tool that management can use to create a relationship with the consumer base (Urban, 2004). Organizational structures The rise of a globalized economy has led to a range of changes within the business environment. Companies have reached across the world to tap into new markets. The development of mergers and joint ventures is now a common occurrence; opening doors to high profit margins and a wider variety of markets, and business opportunities. However, little is said about the increased pressures experienced by management of international corporations. Among the contemporary management theories, the bureaucratic theory advocates the development of a hierarchical organizational structure with a well defined line of authority (Kessler, 2013). This is the most common form of organizational structure; even in international corporations. The development of international teams presents communications constraints, not to mention the effects of culture shocks and conflicts. In addition, working in an international scale requires outsourcing some business functions to increase efficiency. Consequently, the basic organizational structure suggested by the bureaucratic theory has become so much more complex in recent times. Organizations and management experience pressures that arise from handling large volumes of employees who have different cultures, perceptions and languages. Shahrina, Sivapalan, Bhattacharyya, Wan Ahmad, Abdullah (2014) investigate the link between communication climate and efficiency within organizations. An unfavorable communication climate hinders both vertical and horizontal communication within organizations. Therefore, managers should seek to create a good communication climate as a way to strengthen the functions of organizational structures. In addition, management should also cultivate an organizational culture to bridge the gap resulting from differing employee cultures. An effective organizational culture reduces the effects of culture shock because it is present in all subsidiaries and branches of the company regardless of location. Despite these efforts, the existence of international teams is bound to bring about conflict. Therefore, management and organizations should invest in Standard Operating Protocols (SOPs) for reference where conflict occurs. Efficient conflict management is essential for movement of information up and down the hierarchy of authority. The rise of technology is also an undeniable growth factor within the current business sector. Multi-national corporations should invest in the latest and most efficient technologies to improve communication channels across borders. Hence, strategic flexibility to ensure high adaptability to changing technology and production demands is necessary for organizational success. Conclusion Change is said to be the only permanent factor in the world. The business environment has been subject to change; leading to the alteration of major business strategies, functions and structures. The rise of a global economy gave way to two major pressing issues of organizations and management. The first of this is the alteration of the business role in the society. The rising concern for environmental degradation has led to increased demands on organizations to be socially responsible. Consequently, the role of organizations has extended beyond the traditional profit maximization role. As discussed, companies now have to respect human rights by providing proper working environments, as well as avoiding social vices such as child labor. The other major issue pressuring organizations in contemporary society is the alteration of the organizational structure. Before globalizations companies often worked within their national borders. However, the rise of a multi-national business culture has complicated the standard business structure. The development of international teams across continents attracts cultural and language barriers that could hinder communication; further, the now popular concept of outsourcing business functions demands better management of the organizational supply chain. In response, managements should invest heavily in developing a common organizational culture to unify their diverse workforces. Further, organizations should also cultivate a good communication climate to encourage the flow of information. The importance of proper conflict management strategies can also not be undermined. Finally, the utilization of technology is imperative for communication efficiency in vast and diverse internation al teams. In conclusion, so many things have changed in recent times. It is the duty of organizations and management to exercise flexibility as an instrument to adapt and handle the changes. Most of the traditional theories of management have either been replaced or altered to accommodate new business ideologies. The same applies for organizations; businesses ought to be on the lookout for new threats and opportunities. It is only through proper environment analysis, and effective planning that the business sector can keep up with the changing times. References Goel, M., Ramanathan, P. E. (2014). Business ethics and corporate social responsibilityis there a dividing line? Procedia Economics and Finance, 49-59. Harrison, J. S., Wicks, A. C. (2013). Stakeholder theory, value, and firm performance. Business ethics quarterly, 97-124. Jones, T. M., Felps, W. (2013). Shareholder wealth maximization and social welfare: A utilitarian critique. Business Ethics Quarterly, 207-238. Kessler, E. H. (2013). Encyclopedia of Management Theory. Thousand Oaks, CA.: SAGE Publications. Shahrina, N., Sivapalan, S., Bhattacharyya, E., Wan Ahmad, H. H., Abdullah, A. (2014). Organizational Communication Climate and Conflict Management: Communications Management in an Oil and Gas Company. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1046-1058. Urban, G. L. (2004). "The emerging era of customer advocacy. MIT Sloan Management Review, 77. Wakefield, J. (2016, January 19). Apple, Samsung and Sony face child labour claims. Retrieved from BBC News : https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-35311456

Un-Answered Problems With Chspe Essay Questions Samples Revealed

Un-Answered Problems With Chspe Essay Questions Samples Revealed Want to Know More About Chspe Essay Questions Samples? You're going to be surrounded by writing professionals throughout the plan of order placement, and after you choose to purchase essay and pick an allocated writer, things are likely to get even more exciting. Actually, a seasoned writer can get the job done much faster than any student as they've been writing academic assignments during their entire life. In case the author is an individual, then their very first name is used first. This question was reworded for 2017-18, and the present language is an enormous improvement. The thesis statement is an essential part of a great academic writing. Therefore, the response is adequately developed and satisfactorily organized to demonstrate the method by which the argument is dependent on questionable assumptions. Inside this circumstance you are able to approach SameDayEssay. The general format of your essay, for example, font size and margins, will solely rely on the instructions offered to you. Simply think beyond the box and go from the ordinary. Be sure to follow along with the correct format, consisting of the general sections of an essay. In addition, the reader is probably going to be pleased with the manner that Carrie imagines her audience's reaction. Any information that will make a credible image for your interviewee will be critical. Ultimately, the detail of real speech makes the scene pop. A suitable interview essay format a part of the grading rubric, therefore do not underestimate its value! The Essentials of Chspe Essay Questions Samples That You Will be Able to Benefit From Starting Immediately The author demonstrates competent charge of sentence structure and word choice even though there are a couple of awkward phrases (To me when you have a look at the benefits and disadvantages, starting school for an early time is better''), they don't confuse meaning. Likewise, the writer is optimistic about the state promise to wash the river. Note you do not need to have solved the issue, and a few of the greatest essays will explore problems which should be solved later on. Otherwise, provided that you've got the very same skills as high school grads if you're searching for work, it would be the exact same as having a high school diploma. Some feel parents ought to be allowed to provide permission for their minor children to acquire tattoos, because they are making the decision for their own children. Therefore, you're required to be enrolled in 1 school or another unless you've got your parents' consent. Some folks would like school to begin later and some want it to stay the exact same as it currently is. Thus, you won't get a score for your essay. Learn more about the way the essay is scored. It gives you an opportunity to show how effectively you can read and comprehend a passage and write an essay analyzing the passage. Your essay should be unique to you. The totally free CHSPE pdf book shows examples of essays and the way they're scored. As tempting as it might appear to skip past the extra info and go straight to the list of persuasive essay topics, don't do it. Interview essay format another major info to discuss. Share an essay on any subject of your pick. The exam has changed slightly since that time, and thus this write-up was updated to reflect the changes. The SSAT essay is the initial portion of the SSAT exam. Start researching, and get started writing! You might decide to answer any or all the next questions. To sum up, the statement isn't logical since there are a few errors in it. This extensive study guide makes it possible for you to review the writing concepts and abilities that are assessed by the essay part of the FTCE General Knowledge Test. The Hidden Secret of Chspe Essay Questions Samples In conclusion, it would appear that assignment essays continue to get a prominent part in tertiary education as an assessment tool. It's very valuable to take writing apart so as to see just the way that it accomplishes its objectives. Irrespective of your degree of job practical understanding, your resume format is vital to making your program stick out. Just like any college enrollment, assessment tests might be required upon college entrance to set the student's ability for placement in the acceptable courses.

Topic Sentance in a Social Dwarfism Essay

Topic Sentance in a Social Dwarfism EssayIn writing an essay on social dwarfism, you will need to be aware of the subject of your topic and also what is the topic sentence in a social dwarfism essay. You should be sure that the topic sentence in a social dwarfism essay is one that is a part of the main topic, but it may also be a minor one. In fact, some students will actually write the same topic sentence in a different topic or in another case, they will have their essay on the very topic they were originally asked to write an essay on.The first and the most important thing you need to do is make sure that the topic is actually the main topic of the essay. This way, you can make sure that no one has a hard time writing the topic sentence in a social dwarfism essay. If the topic sentence in a social dwarfism essay has already been covered, then there will be a lot of wasted time and effort on your part. After all, no one wants to read a boring topic sentence in a social dwarfism ess ay!The next thing you need to do is to write the topic sentence in a social dwarfism essay. You will need to make sure that the topic sentence in a social dwarfism essay is not so basic and so common as to be virtually an everyday occurrence. One example of such a topic sentence in a social dwarfism essay is cancer. What is the topic sentence in a social dwarfism essay about cancer? The answer is definitely not a simple subject and it is even worse than that.People who are studying social dwarfism will be in a difficult position in regards to writing the topic sentence in a social dwarfism essay about cancer. Since cancer is so complicated and because it is a very complex topic, there is almost no person who will be able to write the topicsentance in a social dwarfism essay about cancer without having a degree of expertise or a PhD.Another important thing you need to do is to make sure that the topic sentence in a social dwarfism essay is something that is both interesting and usefu l. It would be a good idea if you took the time to go online and see what kind of things are already being discussed on the topic of dwarfism. When you see how many people are making a serious study of the topic, it will be easier for you to focus on the topic sentence in a social dwarfism essay.The last thing you need to do is to make sure that the topics that you are going to write are things that have already been addressed in some practical experiences. Most people will be in a difficult position when writing about a topic that has not yet been tackled. You will need to make sure that you read what the topic sentence in a social dwarfism essay is that has not been addressed by anyone else yet.Lastly, you need to make sure that the topic sentence in a social dwarfism essay that you write is something that has already been tried before and that it has already been proven effective in the past. That means that you need to read the same article or book that is being used by other pe ople in order to see if it has worked for them in the past. You need to make sure that the topic sentence in a social dwarfism essay you are writing can stand on its own.These are the three major things that you need to do in order to write a topic sentence in a social dwarfism essay. When you write a topic sentence in a social dwarfism essay, you will find that it is a very complex task and therefore, the more you have studied the topic, the easier it will be for you to write the topic sentence in a social dwarfism essay. It is definitely worth your time and effort!

Best 7th Grade Essay Writing Editing Tool For Students

Best 7th Grade Essay Writing Editing Tool For StudentsUsing the best 7th grade essay writing editing tool for students is a great idea for engaging students. It is a very important task for a school to provide an opportunity for students to express their thoughts and ideas. By using this essay writing tool, a school can truly think about what it will take to help students learn more about writing and public speaking.For students to truly think about what they write, essay writing editing tools are a great help. With an easy to use essay writing tool, it is more likely that students will not only be able to clearly express their thoughts and ideas but also will be able to present their thoughts in a clear manner. By using this essay writing tool, students will also be able to increase their writing skill, which in turn, will allow them to better understand when writing.Many students would have no idea that just by reading an essay or an assignment is not the only way to effectively ex press thoughts and ideas. Students are able to express themselves and express their ideas through writing by using the proper essay writing editing tool. By utilizing the right essay writing tool, students will be able to create a compelling argument. By working on the right essay writing tool, students will be able to enhance their writing skills.Students can utilize the best essay writing tool by using the methods of essay writing for students. If students use essay writing tools, they will be able to engage students in learning. The best essay writing tool for students to use is the use of effective essay writing editing. This tool can be used to improve the write and to improve the ability to express their thoughts.By using this essay writing tool, students can really learn more about writing and public speaking. By improving their writing skills, students will have more confidence to be able to express their thoughts and ideas in the best way possible. By using this essay writi ng tool, students will also be able to better understand the importance of getting their work completed.With this essay writing tool, students will be able to practice the steps of writing and to get feedback from friends and colleagues. They will also be able to get a chance to practice what they have written, learn about the subject matter, and the writing styles. Students will be able to get a chance to analyze what they have written to see if there are any mistakes that they can make in their work.The best essay writing editing tool for students can be used by students to learn more about the topic of writing and public speaking. By utilizing this essay writing tool, students will be able to increase their writing skills and their writing ability. By improving their writing skills, students will be able to improve their ability to get their work completed and to provide a well-written essay.

How to Make the My Interest in Finance Essay Sample Easy to Read

How to Make the My Interest in Finance Essay Sample Easy to ReadIf you're writing a Finance Essay Sample, your goal should be to keep the length of the essay to one page. This is so that it's easy to read and you can do some editing to make it more appropriate for your intended audience. Also, it is easier to change your topic, particularly if you have several topics or if you are unsure about the thesis you are going to write. This one-page sample will help you get started on your essay.Although you may not be a certified financial expert, you may still be able to add additional insight to your written information. There are many useful resources available online and in books. It's good to learn from the examples and try different types of financial analysis. You may also want to include information on how you became interested in finance. A helpful resource is the question bank book.Another good example of a Finance Essay Sample will be the short story topic. Write the story in a w ay that makes sense and would make a great tale for your audience. The story should follow a particular theme and allow you to provide background on the people involved. You can also include in the story the situations or events that made you interested in finance.Finally, if you're unsure of your finance writing skills, it's good to see how other sample essays are written. Some examples of good samples are 'Building Wealth For Dummies'Answers to Your Financial Questionnaire.' The 'Building Wealth For Dummies' is a good way to learn how to run a business by getting a step-by-step plan of what you need to do. The answer sheet is useful for answering any questions that may arise during your essay.The finance essay sample is designed to be easy to read. You will notice that the 'building wealth for dummies' uses simple language so that you can understand it easily. It's important to remember that the person writing the essay does not know everything about money and finance. Instead, yo u have the liberty to demonstrate what you've learned through your own experiences.Other examples of examples that are easy to read include a loan application form, reference sheets, worksheets, etc. These examples are meant to help you focus on the main topics that you should write about in your essay. Also, many people are able to help you make the writing easy by adding or changing relevant information.As you can see, the 'my interest in finance essay sample' is meant to be easy to read. However, it doesn't mean that you don't have to make a good first impression when you submit your work. It just means that you shouldn't overdo it or be too simplistic.

Socio-Demographic Profile and Problems Encountered by the Heads of Lupong Tagapamayapa in the Municipality of Bayambang Essay Example

Socio-Demographic Profile and Problems Encountered by the Heads of Lupong Tagapamayapa in the Municipality of Bayambang Essay The barangay is the basic unit of government in the Philippines. Unknown to many, it is where much of actual governance takes place, and where the government and the citizens meet face to face. More than a hundred roles have been assigned to barangays by the Local Government Code of 1991 and various special laws ranging from the delivery of basic services to women and children protection under RA 9262. It is no wonder that barangays are able to perform all of these obligations in view of their limited resources and personnel. Yet, we observe that they have also been given a significant role in a process that keeps societies intact, making justice work. Under the present Local Government Code of 1991, the Katarungang Pambarangay system or the Barangay Justice System is an extra governmental mechanism aimed at perpetuating the time honored tradition of amicably settling interpersonal disputes in a community without recourse to the formal legal system of confrontational social behavior. It provides a way for members of a barangay to settle their disputes through mediation, conciliation and arbitration without resorting to the formal justice system; i. e. , the courts. The primordial objective of the Katarungang Pambarangay Rules, is to reduce the number of court litigations and prevent the deterioration of the quality of justice which has been brought about by the indiscriminate filing of cases in the courts. To attain this objective, Section 4123 (a) of Republic Act No. 7160 requires the parties to undergo a conciliation process before the Lupon Chairman as a precondition to filing a complaint in court. We will write a custom essay sample on Socio-Demographic Profile and Problems Encountered by the Heads of Lupong Tagapamayapa in the Municipality of Bayambang specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Socio-Demographic Profile and Problems Encountered by the Heads of Lupong Tagapamayapa in the Municipality of Bayambang specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Socio-Demographic Profile and Problems Encountered by the Heads of Lupong Tagapamayapa in the Municipality of Bayambang specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Section 399 (a) of Republic Act 7610, known as the Local Government Code has created in each barangay a Lupong Tagapamayapa, hereinafter referred to as the lupon, composed of the Punong Barangay, as chairman; and ten (10) to twenty (20) members who are residing or working in the barangay and possessing integrity, impartiality, independence of mind, sense of fairness, and reputation for probity, may be appointed a member of the Lupon (Section 399[b] RA 7160). The Lupon shall be constituted every three (3) years in the manner provided in section 399(a), RA 7160. This means that the Lupon may hange its composition or membership every three (3) years. The Lupong Tagapamayapa carries with them in the exercise of their functions the different behaviors and characters. The traits, performance, attributes and individuality they manifest, when recognized and harnessed, can promote peace and reconciliation at the local level where they build consensus through dialogue which promote trust among the members of the governing body and the community. The central feature of the system is the Lupong Tagapamayapa, a community-based conflict resolution effort that is highly supportive of the notions of social ordering and human development. While the speedy administration of justice is the immediate concern of the Katarungang Pambarangay, of equal importance is the leadership building and community empowerment as the resultant effects of institutionalizing the system. This paper does not attempt to do a policy evaluation of the Katarungang Pambarangay (KP) system. Limitations in time, resources, and case samples, prevent us from pursuing such objective. But we conduct this study as an attempt to appreciate how a particular aspect of governance – the delivery of justice works in the country’s basic political unit. It likewise attempts to find out how an innovative practice can be fully utilized to benefit communities. Statement of the Problem The study will attempt to determine the socio-demographic profile and the problems encountered by the Lupong Tagapamayapa in different barangays of the Municipality of Bayambang. Specifically, it will seek to answer the following questions: 1. What is the profile of the Lupong Tagapamayapa in the different barangays of Bayambang in terms of: 1. 1 age; 1. 2sex; 1. 3civil status; 1. 4highest educational attainment; 1. number of terms as head of the Lupong Tagapamayapa; 1. 6occupation; 1. 7previous work experiences; 1. 8trainings/seminars attended; 1. 9membership in organization; 1. 10monthly income 1. 11number of children in the family; 1. 12religion; 2. What are the problems encountered by the heads of Lupong Tagapamayapa in the performance of their duties and functions? Scope and Delimitation of the Study This study will be delimited to the performance of the heads of Lupong Tagapamayapa in the seventy-seven (77) barangays in the Municipality Bayambang. Significance of the Study It is hoped that the findings that will be drawn from this study will prove essential to the following entities: Lupon Members. Results of this study will remind them about the significance of their functions and their roles for a better and peaceful community. Punong Barangay. Findings of the study will serve as a big help for the Punong Barangay become responsible in appointing the members of the Lupong Tagapamayapa in their respective barangays. The Barangay Residents. The barangay residents will be assured of better service of the Lupong Tagapamayapa if problems encountered by them will be minimized, if not eliminated. LGU of Bayambang. This study will be significant in undertaking activities and services for effective discharge of duties of the Lupong Tagapamayapa and for the satisfaction of the stakeholders. This study will be beneficial in forging collaborative efforts particularly regarding the performance of the Lupong Tagapamayapa. The Department of Interior and Local Government. Results of the study will guide the agency to plan trainings/seminars for the Lupong Tagapamayapa to have active role in settling disputes amicably without the need of judicial recourse. The Future Researchers. Findings of the study would serve as a frame of reference for interested researchers who would like to undertake future researchers regarding the heads of Lupong Tagapamayapa. Definition of Terms For clearer understanding of the terms used in this study are defined operationally. Socio-Demographic Profile. It refers to different groups of people within the society. Pertaining to or characterized by a combination of sociological and demographic characteristics. Problems. It refers to a situation, a matter, a person in every barangay that presents perplexity or difficulty. It is something to be considered, solved and answered. Lupong Tagapamayapa. It is a body organized in every barangay with the Punong Barangay as Chairman with ten (10) to twenty (20) members who has the function of maintaining peace and order and settling disputes. Katarungang Barangay (KP). It is a system of justice administered at the barangay level for the purpose of amicable settling disputes through mediation, conciliation or arbitration among the family or barangay without resorting to the courts. Amicable Settlement. It is an agreement reached during mediation and conciliation proceedings. Arbitration. It is a process wherein the third party from outside the judicial system is chosen by parties to hear and decide their dispute. Conciliation. It is a process wherein the Pangkat forgoes the power to decide or recommend but assist the parties to isolate issues and options to reach a settlement by consensus that jointly satisfies their needs. Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES This chapter aims to help the Department for International Development (DFID) assess whether and how to work with Non-State Justice Systems (NSJS) as part of its program to advance Safety, Security and Accessible Justice (SSAJ) in the countries where it operates. It consists of foreign and local studies, synthesis of reviewed related literature and conceptual framework. RELATED LITERATURE The Philippines’ Katarungang Pambarangay, or Barangay Justice System (BJS), is a formal system based on traditional mechanisms of mediating local disputes. It operates at the level of the barangay, a local government unit of which there are approximately 42,000 in the Philippines. Like shalish, the BJS is rooted in its society. Its most salient, widespread form is that run by government officials and persons they appoint, rather than traditional or NGO versions. A 1978 presidential decree first established the BJS. It was modified by the country’s 1991 Local Government Code and other subsequent legislation. Though not without its flaws, the BJS does offer key advantages over the judicial system. These include: ? It is based on Philippine traditions, which include the use of friends and neighbors to amicably settle disputes. ?The BJS is far less costly than the judiciary, with an average filing fee of 20 pesos, a tiny fraction of court costs and lawyers’ fees. ?It also is far faster, with problems settled in a matter of days or weeks, rather than (typically) years. In the Philippines, as in many other nations, there has been an ongoing tension between the national system of private land ownership and many cultural minorities’ communal systems of land use. A 1983 law journal article fleshes out the distinction as it applies to a prominent cultural minority of the Cordillera region, the Kalinga: With individual ownership as its central feature, the Torrens system of land ownership and registration draws its philosophy from the Western capitalist mode of economic relationships. Land is treated as an individual commodity†¦To promote commerce, trade and the circulation and accumulation of capital, land is made easily alienable†¦ On the other hand, Kalinga customary laws of land ownership are basically indigenous. Unlike the Torrens system, their underlying philosophy is communal—not individual—ownership†¦Land is not a mere commodity but a sacred and valuable possession†¦Preservation—not alienation—of property is the basic policy. Despite various and vigorous government campaigns to introduce the Western system of land ownership in the mainstream of Kalinga life, it is only in recent decades that the drive has begun to gain significant headway. This development came in the wake of the cash economy’s increasing penetration into Kalinga society, accompanied by the growth of and commerce in the area. Aranal-Sereno and Libarios, 1983: 448) The last paragraph is noteworthy because it exemplifies a general reality that nonstate justice systems are dynamic, not set in place by written laws in the ways that state systems are. In this instance, in some parts of Kalinga society there is greater acceptance of the state system of private, alienable land ownersh ip. Various other sources have noted the ways in which indigenous mores are changing in response to education, commercial activity and political developments. Yet this particular kind of evolution does not only move in one direction. In fact, a series of policy, regulatory and finally legislative reforms in the 1990s integrated notions of communal ownership into state law in key respects, as it applies to cultural minorities. These changes culminated in the passage of Republic Act No. 8371, otherwise known as the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997 (IPRA). The law promotes state respect for indigenous peoples (an alternative term for cultural minorities), their cultures and their customary laws, including their claims and processes regarding lands historically farmed and otherwise used by these groups. This includes a cultural minority’s â€Å"right to resolve land conflicts in accordance with customary laws of the area where the land is located. † (Government of the Republic of the Philippines 1997: 8) Another significant feature of the Act is the manner in which it integrates state and non-state systems. To protect their claims to lands they have historically used and occupied, otherwise known as ancestral domains, cultural minorities must go through a certification process that results in recognition of title. Thus, the claim is rooted in tradition and the nature of the claim is communal. But the formal state recognition of it comes about through a process established by the national government. RELATED STUDIES Foreign Studies The term â€Å"shalish† (or â€Å"salish†) refers to a community-based, largely informal Bangladeshi process through which small panels of influential local figures help resolve community members’ disputes and/or impose of sanctions on them. (It also can refer to the panels themselves. Non-Governmental Organizations NGO and the government have drawn on and modified this process in recent years so that shalish now takes three basic, sometimes overlapping forms in Bangladesh: traditional; government-administered â€Å"village courts† (though under the relevant laws other terms technically apply for family and urban disputes); and NGO-modified. Shalish may involve voluntary submission to arbitration (which, in this context, involves the parti es agreeing to submit to the judgment of the shalish panel), mediation (in which the panel helps the disputants to try to devise a settlement themselves) or a blend of the two. In a harsh, extreme version of its traditional form, however, shalish instead constitutes a de facto criminal court that inflicts trial and punishment on individuals who have not consented to its jurisdiction. The actual shalish is often a loud and passionate event in which disputants, relatives, [shalish panel] members and even uninvited community members congregate to express their thoughts and feelings. Additional observers — adults and children alike — gather in the rooms doorway and outside. More than one exchange of opinions may occur simultaneously. Calm discussions explode into bursts of shouting and even laughter or tears. All of this typically takes place in a crowded school room or other public space, sweltering most of the year, often with the noise of other community activities filtering in from outside. The number of participants and observers may range from a few dozen to well over one hundred. (Golub 2000: 137-138) As summarized by Khair in a thoughtful review of NGO-modified shalish, in its traditional form the practice is basically a practice of gathering village elders and concerned parties, exclusively male, for the resolution of local disputes. Sometimes Chairmen and elite members of the Union Parishad are invited to sit through the proceedings. Shalish has no fixed dimension and its size and structure depend entirely on the nature and gravity of the problem at hand. (2001: 5) A recent report for the Asia Foundation, the international development organization that has most extensively examined shalish (and supported its NGO variation), further explicates the nature, appeal and drawbacks of the traditional approach: [Shalish] generally saves time and money, and it serves as a platform for airing grievances†¦ Although shalish members have the option of engaging in either mediation or arbitration to reach a solution, most commonly choose arbitration. This method involves unilateral decisions made by officiating members, whereas mediation engages opposing parties in reaching solutions of mutual satisfaction†¦Although the decisions are not always fair and equitable, they tend to carry a great weight within the community because they are issued by well-known and powerful villagers. However, among those who lack respect for these decision-makers, it is extremely difficult to enforce rulings if the parties refused to comply†¦ Sometimes solutions are arbitrary and imposed on reluctant disputants by powerful village or community members. Such â€Å"solutions† are based lesson civil or other law than on subjective judgments designed to ensure the continuity of their leadership, to strengthen their relational alliances, or to uphold the perceived cultural norms and biases. The shalish also is susceptible to manipulation by corrupt touts and local musclemen who may be hired to guide the pace and direction of the process by intimidation. Furthermore, because the traditional shalish is composed exclusively of male members, women are particularly vulnerable to extreme judgments and harsh penalties. (Khair et al 2002: 8-9) Corruption also can infect the process in other ways, such as through a panel member’s solicitation of bribes to nudge the group’s consensus in a given direction. Consistent with the inclination toward arbitration and arbitrariness, Hashmi claims that those the shalish finds to have offended community norms may be publicly shamed or, inunusual cases, socially ostracized. Hashmi 2000: 99). Social ostracism by no means represents the harshest, most extreme version (or perversion) of shalish, however. Amnesty International and other sources have documented numerous incidents of women, even rape victims, being lashed or even stoned to death for violation of local norms. Often these abuses stem from fatwahs (religious rulings) handed down by local mullahs who belong to the shalish panels or o therwise influence them, and who interpret or misinterpret sharia (Islamic law) to impose such egregious treatment. What is less clear is whether the reports of these abuses reflect an actual increase in such incidents, perhaps due to a rise in militant fundamentalism, or whether these incidents have always occurred, but only received attention in the 1990s due to improved NGO, human rights and media penetration of rural Bangladesh. Though such human rights violations merit international and domestic condemnation, there is a sense in which the necessary focus on them may mask the more pervasive, systemic manner in which traditional shalish can perpetuate the poverty and powerlessness of women and other disadvantaged populations. To its credit, traditional shalish may well provide easy, free, comprehensible access to justice in situations where biases and power imbalances do not mitigate against fair consideration of disputes. But a diversity of sources document the biases and power imbalances that hold back Bangladeshi women, and indicate the harmful ways in which these factors play out in traditional shalish. (Haque et al 2002; Bangladesh National Women Lawyers’ Association 2001; Hashmi 2000). An Asia Foundation report illuminates the case of a young woman whose husband’s dowry demands led to his beating her and casting out of their home, adding the insult of severe social stigma to the injury of his physical assaults. She explains that a string of shalish sessions proved fruitless, and that the dynamic was such that â€Å"I could not speak up†¦I didn’t have the chance to say anything. † (Haque et al 2002: 22). Nor do the power imbalances and victimization only materialize in the course of the shalish. It often may prove too powerful, in the sense of imposing unfair judgments and punishments on women. Yet traditional shalish also can prove too weak to be of use to them, leaving them with only other unsatisfactory courses of action. An investigation by a respected human rights NGO illustrates such a situation, in the case of a fifteen year old girl seeking support for the child resulting from her rape by a neighbor’s son: When the salish gathered, [the father of the alleged rapist] organized a gang to break it up by using violence and money. It never reconvened. Meanwhile, a lawyer was found to represent [the victim] but it soon became obvious that he was taking advantage of a poor woman and her daughter by taking money from them and doing nothing in return. (Odhikar 2001: 59) Biases and power imbalances do not only affect women. Hashmi describes a â€Å"member-matbar-mulla† triumvirate that controls village affairs, including shalish: The members of the Union Parishad (the lowest electoral unit) are elected officials, in charge of the disbursement of public goods and relief materials among the poor villagers, are the most powerful in the triumvirate. They are often connected with the ruling political party of other influential power-brokers in the neighboring towns or groups of villages. The matbars (matabbars) or village elders, who also sit on the salish (village court), are next in the hierarchy, having vested interests in the village economy as rentiers and moneylenders. They often get shares in misappropriated relief goods along with government officials and members-chairmen of the Union Parishads. The mulla, associated with the local mosques and maktabs (elementary religious schools), are sometimes quite influential as they endorse the activities of village elders albeit in the name of Islamic or Sharia law. The often sit on the salish and issue fatwas in support of their patrons, the village elders. The rural poor, often women, are victims of these fatwas. (2000: 137) One need not fully concur with the picture Hashmi paints here (which takes on far more nuance as his analysis unfolds) to infer its implications for traditional shalish, even where the gender dimension is not involved. Where an influential individual’s interests are at play, the process can become distorted. It also can be biased due to patron-client relations: if a disputant is a political, personal or financial client of a shalish panel member (which can often be the case, since disputants often are poor and the panel members affluent), the latter might use his influence on the client’s behalf. In his own thoughtful review of the literature, Blair echoes Hashmi in concluding that â€Å"social science analyses [of traditional shalish] are sobering. (2003:18) Research suggests that the above factors combine to make NGO shalish the most effective form in delivering a degree of justice and alleviating poverty. In their report for the Asia Foundation, Haque and her colleagues conclude that â€Å"NGO-administered shalish are far more equitable in their treatment of women than the traditional and UP shalish. † (2002: 9) In the great majority of its 23 case studies, women were satis fied or very satisfied with their NGO shalish. Conversely, many had unproductive experiences with traditional or government shalish before turning to the NGOs. In a few instances, in fact, traditional leaders or UP members themselves suggested that the women request an NGO to organize a shalish. Though not an absolutely unbiased source, since the Foundation has supported NGOs carrying out shalish, the report nevertheless does not attempt to portray the NGOs involved as unblemished or always successful, and carries some weight by using the voices of the affected women as much as possible. Local Studies A recent inter-organizational review of the Barangay Justice System (mainly carried out by two organizations engaged in trying to strengthen the system) and an independent study respectively summarize many of its key features: At the forefront of this system is the punong barangay, an elected official who also acts as chief executive and as presiding officer of the local legislative council. Assisting the punong barangay is the Lupong Tagapamayapa (peace-seeking committee) composed of 10-20 persons†¦who are selected from among the residents of the village or working in the barangay A distinct character of the system is its informality and lawyers are banned in the entirety of the process. (Asia Foundation et al, undated: 1) Once the complaint is received, the PB [or another barangay official to whom the function may sometimes be delegated] will call both the respondent(s) and complainant(s), with their respective witnesses, to appear before him for a mediation of their conflicting interests. If the PB fails, a date is set for the constitution of the conciliation panel pangkat [a three-member panel chosen from the Lupon members by the disputants or, if they cannot agree, the Punong Barangay that will hear both parties and their witnesses, simplify issues, and explore all possibilities for amicable settlement. Arbitration is also recognized as an ADR procedure under the Barangay Justice System, and parties can, at any stage of the proceedings, agree in writing that they shall abide by the arbitration award of the Punong Barangay or conciliation panel. Rojo 2002: 25) An agreement that the parties reach through mediation or arbitration is legally binding on them: it can be enforced by the courts. On the other hand, the BJS jurisdiction is limited in a number of ways. It only can hear disputes between members of the same barangay or of neighboring barangays. Where the conflict has criminal implications, the Barangay Justice System can only handle it if the penalties do not ex ceed a year in prison or a fine of 5,000 pesos (about 60 pounds). Crimes committed by government personnel in the course of their official functions cannot be submitted to the Barangay Justice System, nor can agrarian disputes (for which separate processes have been established) or crimes having no offended parties. As explained by the above inter-organizational review, when the Barangay Justice System was launched in 1978, â€Å"its overriding objective was to decongest the courts of cases brought before it. (1) It advances this objective through the requirement that civil disputes cannot be referred to the courts unless the barangay captain certifies that resolution has been attempted through the BJS. It contributes to this objective, though whether it actually succeeds is another matter. While the Philippine judiciary remains swamped by cases and delay, the BJS did handle almost 279,115 disputes in 1998, settling 84 percent of them. (136) The review further claims that â€Å"it is also a known fact that there are many undocumented disputes bei ng handled and resolved under the Barangay Justice System. (136) According to the review, â€Å"Another avowed objective of the BJS is its recognition of indigenous modes of dispute resolution born out of tradition and culture†¦Time honored traditions based on kinship, utang na loob (debt of gratitude), padrino (godfather), pakikisama (comradeship) and community mores define how justice is to be served. † These â€Å"time-honored traditions† constitute a double-edged sword in advancing what the review considers a third objective of the BJS: access to justice. Though the report puts them forward without any apparent sense of irony or ambivalence, they can detract from access to justice under many circumstances, rather than improve it. These traditions all establish special links which can bias the barangay captain or Lupon members. In fact, in summing up other sources’ research the report acknowledges that sometimes â€Å"personal biases of the barangay captain emerge. Thus, there were cases [in which] one faction of the village is favored over another, or those who offend the barangay captain are punished†¦[Furthermore,] in gender-related issues, the male perspective of the dispute prevails. Independent assessments of the Barangay Justice System reach similar conclusions, suggesting that the political status of the barangay captain and Lupon members render their neutrality suspect. (Rojo 2002; Abaya 2000) Echoing other analysts’ broader assessments of the Philippine polity, (Wurfel 1988; Steinberg 1990) Rojo summarizes how the underlying political economy of the society affects the BJS: In the Philippines†¦social relationships are predominantly based on a patron-client logic, where affectivity becomes the prior guiding force. It is therefore a society that functions according to a political clientelist model, characterized by a personalized, affective and reciprocal relationship between actors with very unequal degree of resources†¦ The role of the local elites, as a result, is to†¦serve as the patrons to a local constituency, representing the intermediary layer between the central government and the voters. Moreover, it is important to highlight that these patron-client relations are not necessarily smooth in nature, and in many cases, violence, coercion and fraud are strongly present†¦ [This has] an extreme impact on the dynamics of local justice administration. Local elites at the barangay level will always have sufficient power to manipulate the dispute settlement process, and even to discourage poor and disadvantaged people [from participating]†¦Surveys indicate that a majority of community residents believe the settlement of disputes is influenced by politics, which is often mentioned as one of the main concerns. 30-31) Despite the surveys to which the report alludes (but does not cite), as well as 1999 survey results indicating that over a quarter of those dissatisfied with the Barangay Justice System identified favoritism as a factor (Asia Foundation et al, undated), other research indicates some acceptance of the system. The fact that it handled nearly 280,000 disputes in 1998, with most of them resolved, is at least prima facie evidence of such acceptance. Nevertheless, we should be open to the possibility that some disputants chose the BJS out of lack of alternatives (such as for those who cannot afford to litigate) or due to inappropriate influence (such as where a woman is pressured by her husband, family or community to abstain from seeking judicial relief). This is not to suggest that favoritism, pressure or lack of resources always influences outcomes, in terms of influence generated by or on mediators to push resolution in certain directions. But given the underlying nature of the Philippine polity, such a phenomenon should not be considered rare. Another indicator of popular acceptance of the system can be found in a 1999 national survey that included those who were BJS complainants and respondents. Within the former category, 67 percent were satisfied with the system, versus 28 percent dissatisfied. Within the latter, the results were 44 percent versus 46 percent. (Asia Foundation et al, undated: 76-77) While the results are mildly promising, the survey size for complainants and respondents is not clear. In addition, we should be aware of the possibility of respondents in these surveys to provide answers that they believe interviewers want to hear. Synthesis of the Reviewed Related Studies and the Present Study As with many aspects of Safety, Security and Accessible Justice (SSAJ), there is a dearth of hard data that can inform decision-making concerning non-state justice systems. At least in Bangladesh and the Philippines, the development community does not know whether the various forms of Non-State Justice System (NSJS) tend to impose unfair processes and settlements flowing from power imbalances or whether they more typically tend to offer imperfect but still-valuable vehicles for the poor. In other words, which is the exception and which is the rule? The research may reveal a mixture of tendencies, but also should produce nuanced findings that inform the work of Department for International Development (DFID). Properly disseminated, the findings may take on significant added value in terms of influencing the thinking and programs of the broader development community. Department for International Development accordingly should support both qualitative and quantitative studies indicating the current state of Non-State Justice System. It also should fund research illuminating whether and how Non-State Justice System activity it supports (or considers supporting) is having an impact on Safety, Security and Accessible Justice and broader poverty alleviation goals. At least two broad, additional preliminary considerations should inform this research. The first is ethical. Some research proposed here involves observation of situations that, if they so choose, researchers could influence (probably, though not necessarily, for the better) by exercising their superior knowledge of state law or by their status as educated individuals. Other studies involve interviews with persons who may offer questions as well as answers. Is it ethical to refrain from assistance under such circumstances? There are ways of striking a balance—certainly, the academic and development communities do so all the time (though how well is another matter). Another powerful argument for these studies, of course, is whether it is ethical not to do such research in exploring whether and how to work with NSJS, and, much more broadly, whether the dearth of applied research across the spectrum of law and development work reflects an unethical approach. An overlapping consideration is the practical one of how methodologically sound this research must be. It of course needs to be informed by careful planning that brings into the picture expertise that reaches beyond the legal community. But it is important to bear in mind the experimental nature of these inquiries: they will themselves constitute learning experiences about how to employ applied research to NSJS, so as to yield findings with practical applications. In carrying out these